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Edition 2.0.39

Published 2026-11-10. 1,511 active entry texts. All rights reserved.

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• "Gerasimov Doctrine" (contested)
• 5G telecommunications infrastructure and high-risk vendor controls
• Abqaiq and Khurais attack, 2019
• Adam Szubin
• Adaptive countermeasure recognition
• Additional Protocol I Article 54 (1977)
• Additive manufacturing (3D printing)
• Advanced battery and energy-storage manufacturing
• Advanced logic semiconductor manufacturing
• Afghanistan central bank reserve freeze (2021-present)
• African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank)
• Agathe Demarais
• Agentic AI in financial systems
• Agricultural inputs and synthetic fertiliser production
• Ahmed v HM Treasury (UK Supreme Court, 2010)
• AI accelerators and GPUs (Nvidia H100, A100, and the export-tuned H20)
• AI chokepoint dilution
• AI model weights and frontier models
• AI-chip and compute export control
• AI-enabled market manipulation
• AI-enabled sanctions-evasion detection
• AI-model and training-data export control
• Air Service Agreement arbitration (1978)
• AIS spoofing and GNSS manipulation ("going dark")
• Al Jazeera
• Al-Qaeda
• Al-Qard Al-Hassan
• Albert O. Hirschman
• Alexei Miller
• Algiers Accords and the Iran-US Claims Tribunal (1981)
• Algorithmic and high-frequency trading systems
• Algorithmic pricing and collusion
• Algorithmic tacit coordination
• Algorithmic trading feedback and hypothesised reflexive control
• Ali Khamenei
• Alien Property Custodian (US)
• Alisher Usmanov
• Allied blockade of Germany (1914-1919)
• Allied capital mobilisation vehicle
• Allied continuation of the blockade of Germany after the armistice (1918-1919)
• Allied financial targeting coordination
• Allied large-diameter pipe export restrictions against the Soviet Union (1962-1966)
• Allied preclusive purchasing in neutral Europe (1941-1944)
• Allied restrictions on Huawei in 5G networks (2018-present)
• Allied strategic bombing of the German war economy (1942-1945)
• Alrosa
• Amplification (EKC Phase 5)
• Amplification failure
• Anglo-French coercive opening of Qing China in the Second Opium War (1856-1860)
• Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
• Anglo-Irish Economic War (1932-1938)
• Ansar Allah (Houthis)
• Ansar Allah attacks on Red Sea shipping (2023-present)
• Anti-apartheid sanctions and divestment against South Africa (1962-1994)
• Anti-circumvention and third-country diversion detection
• Anti-circumvention enforcement
• Anti-dumping and countervailing duties as leverage
• Anti-Foreign Sanctions Law (China, 2021)
• Anti-Money Laundering Act (2020)
• Anti-money-laundering enforcement as pressure
• Anti-sanctions architecture
• Antiboycott regulations (United States, 1976 to 1977)
• Antimony, tungsten and defence-critical metals
• App-store and platform denial
• Arab League boycott of Israel and third-country firms (1945-present)
• Arab League Central Boycott Office
• Arab oil embargo and production cuts (1973-1974)
• Arab oil embargo and production interruption during the Six-Day War (1967)
• Arms embargo
• Arms Export Control Act and ITAR (1976)
• Article 16 of the League of Nations Covenant (1919)
• Article 215 TFEU and CFSP sanctions architecture
• Asian Clearing Union
• Asian Development Bank
• Asian Financial Crisis and regional financial resilience, 1997-1998
• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
• ASML
• ASML and the Netherlands-Japan lithography alignment (2019-2023)
• Assessment (EKC Phase 7)
• Asset freeze
• Attacks on Gulf shipping and United States reflagging during the Tanker War (1984-1988)
• Attribution of economic effects in statecraft
• AUKUS partnership
• AUSTRAC
• Australia
• Australia Group
• Australian Sanctions Office (DFAT)
• Autarky
• Automated clearing houses and retail payment rails
• Automatic Identification System (AIS)
• Autonomous maritime and aerial systems (economic-warfare use)
• Autonomous Sanctions Act (Australia, 2011)
• Autonomous Sanctions Magnitsky-style amendments (Australia, 2021)
• Autonomous versus multilateral sanctions
• Aviation gasoline and high-octane refining
• Ayman Joumaa network
• Babak Zanjani
• BAFA
• Ball-bearing and machine-tool production
• Baltic Sea subsea infrastructure incidents and security response, 2023-2026
• Banco Delta Asia
• Banco Delta Asia Section 311 action (2005-2007)
• Bangladesh Bank heist (2016)
• Bank for International Settlements
• Bank Markazi v Peterson (US Supreme Court, 2016)
• Bank Mellat v HM Treasury (UK Supreme Court, 2013)
• Bank Melli, Bank Sepah and Bank Saderat
• Bank of England
• Bank of Kunlun
• Bank of Russia
• Bank Rossiya
• Bank Secrecy Act and United States financial reporting architecture (1970-present)
• Banknote and physical-cash interdiction
• Banque du Liban
• Banque du Liban Circular 170 (2025)
• Banque Havilland
• Banque Havilland plan to manipulate the Qatari riyal, 2017-2026
• Barry Eichengreen
• Barter and commodity-swap arrangements
• Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• Battle Act (US, 1951)
• Bear-raid and coordinated market operation
• Belarus
• Belarus sanctions, potash controls and relief (2020-present)
• Belt and Road Initiative as an economic statecraft campaign (2013-present)
• Belt and Road leverage
• Beneficial ownership registries and databases
• Beneficial-ownership disclosure regimes
• Beneficial-ownership mapping
• Bengal famine and British denial policies (1942-1944)
• Benito Mussolini
• Benjamin J. Cohen
• Berlin Decree (1806)
• Biotechnology and pharmaceutical supply chains (API dependency)
• Bipolar weaponised interdependence
• Bitcoin and permissionless cryptoasset networks
• Black Sea grain terminals and wartime shipping corridors
• Black Tom explosion and German sabotage in the neutral United States (1915-1917)
• Black Wednesday and the ERM crisis, 1992
• Blockade and starvation strategy (WWI model)
• Blockade Strategy Board (Union, 1861)
• Blockade-runner and commerce-raider technology
• Blockchain analytics platforms (Chainalysis, Elliptic, TRM)
• Blocking statutes
• BNP Paribas sanctions prosecution and dollar-clearing restrictions (2014-2015)
• Bonyads: Iranian parastatal foundations
• Boxer Indemnity (1901)
• Boycott (state-imposed)
• Braiding state and market
• Bretton Woods Resolution VI and the Safehaven Program (1944)
• Bretton Woods settlement (1944)
• BRI debt renegotiations
• BRICS
• BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement
• BRICS Pay and BRICS payment initiatives
• Bringing economics back into geoeconomics
• British blockade of Greece and the Don Pacifico affair (1850)
• British blockade of the United States during the War of 1812 (1812-1815)
• British Ministry of Economic Warfare campaign against Germany (1939-1945)
• British Orders in Council (1807)
• Bureau of Industry and Security (US Commerce)
• Buycott and sanction-busting consumer mobilisation
• Byrd Amendment (US, 1971)
• ByteDance and TikTok
• Caesar Syria Civilian Protection Act (US, 2019)
• Caisse de la Dette Publique (Egypt)
• Capital flight as instrument
• Capital mobilisation doctrine
• Capital-flight inducement
• CATL
• Caucasus and Central Asian transhipment states (Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan)
• Central bank and market-infrastructure resilience technology
• Central bank digital currencies
• Central Bank of Iran
• Central Bank of Venezuela
• Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission of the Chinese Communist Party
• Central Huijin and China's national team
• Central-bank reserve immobilisation
• Central-bank reserve immobilisation and confiscation
• CFA franc monetary-cooperation arrangements (1945-present)
• Chainalysis
• Charter of the United Nations Act (Australia, 1945)
• Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation
• China (People's Republic)
• China Committee (ChinCom)
• China Development Bank
• China Investment Corporation
• China Rare Earth Group
• China's gallium and germanium export-control campaign (2023-present)
• China's informal economic pressure on South Korea over THAAD (2016-2017)
• China's informal restrictions on Norwegian salmon after the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize (2010-2016)
• China's rare-earth export licensing and magnet supply shock (2025-present)
• China's trade pressure on Lithuania over the Taiwanese Representative Office (2021-2025)
• China's trade restrictions on Australia and alleged economic coercion (2020-2024)
• Chinese anti-American boycott (1905-1906)
• Chinese anti-Japanese boycott after the Mukden Incident (1931-1932)
• Chinese critical minerals export controls (2010 to present)
• Chinese graphite and antimony export controls (2023-present)
• Chinese import restrictions on Taiwanese fruit, fish and food (2021-2022)
• Chinese Maritime Customs Service
• Chinese restrictions on Philippine bananas during the Scarborough Shoal standoff (2012)
• CHIPS (Clearing House Interbank Payments System)
• CHIPS access restriction
• CHIPS Act and the semiconductor subsidy race (2022-present)
• CHIPS and Science Act guardrails (2022)
• Chokepoint control
• Chokepoint denial
• Chokepoint deterrence (chain of peace)
• Chokepoint effect
• Chokepoint identification
• Chris Miller
• CIA economic intelligence (Office of Economic Research)
• CIPS
• CISADA (2010)
• CITGO
• Civilian uranium conversion and enrichment supply
• CJEU Rosneft judgment (2017)
• Classification societies and IACS
• Clearstream Banking S.A.
• Cloud and compute-access denial
• CLS Bank International
• Coal, coaling stations, and bunkering (Age of Sail to steam)
• Coaling-station and bunker control
• Coalition amplification mechanism
• Coalition coverage (the coverage problem)
• Coalition immobilisation of Central Bank of Russia reserves (2022-present)
• Coalition sanctions and export controls against Russia after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine (2022-present)
• CoCom
• CoCom-era export-control classification technology
• Coercive capital controls
• Cognitive warfare
• Collateral economic damage
• Collateral humanitarian effect
• Collective resilience
• Colonial Pipeline ransomware disruption, 2021
• Combined Raw Materials Board
• Combined-arms financial planning
• Combined-arms integration (financial-kinetic fusion)
• Comecon
• Commerce Control List
• Commercial Bank of Syria Section 311 special measure (2004-present)
• Commercial satellite imagery for maritime and economic-security intelligence
• Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS)
• Commodity directionality targeting
• Commodity futures exchanges and benchmark price infrastructure (Brent, LME)
• Commodity weaponisation
• Commodity-futures curve manipulation
• Commodity-price manipulation
• Compellence
• Competitive devaluation as economic weapon
• Competitive endurance (attrition by ledger)
• Compliance cascade
• Compliance dilemma
• Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act (US, 1986)
• Comprehensive versus targeted sanctions
• Compute as strategic resource
• Compute clusters and AI datacentres (sovereign AI compute)
• Compute governance and on-chip location/verification mechanisms
• Concessional loans and credit lines
• Confederate cotton withholding and King Cotton diplomacy (1861-1863)
• Confidence collapse
• Consumer boycott (state-orchestrated)
• Container identification and cargo-tracking systems
• Content delivery networks and DNS infrastructure
• Continental System enforcement and licence-trade technology (Napoleonic era)
• Continental System logic
• Continuous voyage doctrine in prize and blockade law
• Contraband control
• Contraband of war doctrine in maritime interdiction
• Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (Gulf Cooperation Council)
• Coordinated economic coercion
• Coordinated social-media bot and amplification networks
• Cordell Hull
• Corporate geopolitical-risk management
• Corporate Transparency Act (2021)
• Corporate withdrawal and private self-sanctioning in Russia (2022-2023)
• Correspondent banking and Nostro/Vostro architecture
• Correspondent banking de-risking
• Correspondent-account closure
• Correspondent-banking network analysis
• COSCO
• Cost imposition strategy
• Cost-imposition campaign
• Cotton and textile-industry technology (US Civil War "King Cotton")
• Council of the European Union
• Council Regulation 269/2014 (EU)
• Council Regulation 833/2014 (EU)
• Counter-kill chain
• Counter-sanctions asset seizure
• Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 Schedule 7 (UK)
• Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (2017)
• Countermeasures under the ILC Articles on State Responsibility (2001)
• Counterstrategy to economic warfare
• Court of Justice of the European Union
• Covert economic sabotage
• Credibility and resolve
• Credit default swap and derivative market infrastructure
• Credit rating agencies and sovereign-rating infrastructure
• Creditor coordination and conditional finance during the Latin American debt crisis, 1982-1989
• Criminal Finances Act 2017 and unexplained wealth orders
• Critical mineral stockpiling and recycling technology
• Critical minerals weaponisation
• Critical theory of weaponised interdependence
• Critical-infrastructure ownership review
• Critical-mineral processing chokepoint
• Cross-border oil and gas pipelines: Nord Stream, Druzhba and Power of Siberia
• Cross-border payment messaging: SWIFT MT and ISO 20022
• Cross-chain bridges and decentralised-finance protocols
• Cross-domain effects
• Crypto exchanges as chokepoints (fiat on/off-ramps)
• Cryptocurrency and stablecoin sanctions evasion
• Cryptocurrency mixers and tumblers (Tornado Cash, Blender.io)
• Cryptographic and telecommunications embargo technology
• Cuba
• Cuban Assets Control Regulations (US, 1963)
• Cuban Democracy Act (1992)
• Currency counterfeiting as economic weapon
• Currency destabilisation
• Currency manipulation (coercive)
• Currency swap line as statecraft
• Currency warfare
• Currency-peg attack
• Customs and clearance obstruction
• Cyber-enabled financial disruption
• Cyprus bank resolution and bail-in, 2013
• Da Afghanistan Bank
• Daleep Singh
• Dames & Moore v Regan (US Supreme Court, 1981)
• Dandong Hongxiang
• Daniel Drezner
• Daniel McDowell
• Danske Bank
• Data as strategic resource and cross-border data flows
• Data as strategic terrain
• Data Security Law (China, 2021)
• Data-localisation and cross-border-data restriction
• David A. Baldwin
• David S. Cohen
• Dawes and Young Plans (1924-1930)
• De Beers
• De-dollarisation as backlash dynamic
• Dean Acheson
• Debt relief and forgiveness as statecraft
• Debt-trap diplomacy (contested)
• Declaration of London (1909)
• Decoupling
• Deemed-export controls
• Deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography
• Deepfakes and synthetic media in financial disinformation
• Defence electronics and dual-use component controls
• Defence Trade Controls Act (Australia, 2012, amended 2024)
• Defense Production Act authorities (1950-present)
• Defensive resilience doctrine
• Degrade
• Delay
• Delisting and capital-market exclusion
• Demand-chain power
• Deniability in economic statecraft
• Denial of landing and transit rights
• Denied Persons List
• Denied-persons and unverified lists
• Deny
• Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation (DTCC)
• Derivative-driven pressure campaign
• Desalination and water-infrastructure technology
• Deterrence by denial (economic)
• Deterrence by punishment (economic)
• Development finance as statecraft
• Digital economic warfare
• Digital identity and conditional-payment controls
• Digital ruble
• Digital-services and fintech exclusion
• Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (US State)
• Disinformation and market manipulation
• Dismantle Iran's Proxy Act of 2025 (proposed US Senate bill)
• Disrupt
• Disruption and contested control of the Strait of Hormuz during the 2026 Iran war (2026-present)
• Disruptive Technology Strike Force
• Dissolving peace-war boundary
• Distant blockade
• Dollar diplomacy in Central America and the Caribbean (1909-1913)
• Dollar hegemony and exorbitant privilege
• Dollar reserve, clearing and asset infrastructure
• Dollar-clearing denial
• Dollar-denominated oil trade and petrodollar recycling
• Domain-name and internet-governance control points
• Donald Trump
• Drain
• DRC minerals-for-security agreement (2025)
• Drone and loitering-munition component supply chains
• Dual circulation strategy
• Dual-use goods control
• Dual-use technology
• Dubai Multi Commodities Centre
• Dutch intervention in Nexperia and Chinese export restrictions (2025-present)
• e-CNY: digital yuan infrastructure
• East India Company
• Economic and financial warfare (E&FW) as a unified domain
• Economic coercion
• Economic coercion doctrine (the doctrinal gap)
• Economic coercion trilemma
• Economic containment
• Economic Cooperation Administration (Marshall Plan)
• Economic Crime (Transparency and Enforcement) Act (UK, 2022)
• Economic Defense Advisory Committee (US)
• Economic deterrence
• Economic deterrence playbook (adversary)
• Economic engagement
• Economic escalation ladder
• Economic inducement versus coercion
• Economic Kill Chain (EKC)
• Economic security as national security
• Economic Security Promotion Act (Japan, 2022)
• Economic statecraft
• Economic warfare
• Economy as battlefield
• ECOWAS sanctions against Mali (2022) and Niger (2023-2024)
• EDA-software export restriction
• Edward Fishman
• Effects assessment (battle damage assessment for finance)
• Egmont Group
• Egyptian debt crisis, international financial control and British occupation (1876-1882)
• Electricity grids and cross-border interconnectors
• Electronic design automation (EDA) software
• Elite-targeted (smart) sanctions
• Elvira Nabiullina
• Embargo
• Embargo Act (Switzerland, 2002)
• Emergency petroleum stocks, storage and drawdown systems
• Encryption technology, export controls and lawful-access policy
• End-use and end-user controls
• Enemy Objectives Unit
• Enemy-property custodianship and vesting
• Energy supply guarantee as inducement
• Energy weaponisation
• Energy-supply throttling
• Enforcement against diversion of controlled Nvidia AI chips (2024-present)
• Enigma and commercial cipher machines
• Entity List (15 CFR Part 744)
• Entity-resolution and graph-analysis software
• Equity-volatility engineering
• Escalation dominance in the economic domain
• Espionage Act export control provisions (US, 1917)
• EU Anti-Coercion Instrument (2023)
• EU Anti-Money Laundering Authority (AMLA)
• EU Blocking Statute (Regulation 2271/96)
• EU countervailing duties on battery electric vehicles from China (2023-present)
• EU country-level anti-circumvention export restrictions concerning Kyrgyzstan (2026-present)
• EU Dual-Use Regulation (2021/821)
• EU FDI Screening Regulation (2019/452)
• EU Freeze and Seize Task Force
• EU gas-demand reduction, storage and LNG diversification (2022-2023)
• EU Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (2020)
• EU windfall profits and ERA loans mechanism (2024)
• Eurasian Economic Union
• Euroclear
• European banana regime and United States retaliation (1993-2001)
• European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
• European Central Bank
• European Commission
• European External Action Service
• European naval blockade and debt enforcement against Venezuela (1902-1903)
• European Peace Facility
• European Union
• European Union prohibition on SWIFT services to selected Russian banks (2022)
• Eurozone sovereign debt crisis and bond-market stress, 2010-2012
• Evil Corp (cybercriminal group)
• Exchange-rate and capital-flow surveillance (panopticon)
• Execution (EKC Phase 4)
• Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order (Setad/EIKO)
• Executive Order 12170 (1979)
• Executive Order 13224 (2001)
• Executive Order 13382 (United States, 2005)
• Executive Order 13608 (2012)
• Executive Order 13662 (2014)
• Executive Order 13846 (2018)
• Executive Order 13873 and ICTS rules (2019)
• Executive Order 13959 (2020)
• Executive Order 14024 (2021)
• Executive Order 14105 (2023)
• Executive Order 14117 (2024)
• Executive Order 8389 and Foreign Funds Control (US, 1940)
• Executive Order 8832 (US, 1941)
• Exon-Florio Amendment (1988)
• Exploitation (EKC Phase 6)
• Export Administration Act (United States, 1969 and 1979)
• Export Administration Regulations (EAR)
• Export ban
• Export Control Act (UK, 2002)
• Export Control Act (US, 1940)
• Export Control Act (US, 1949)
• Export control as strategic instrument
• Export Control Joint Unit (UK)
• Export Control Law (China, 2020)
• Export Control Reform Act (2018)
• Export Finance Australia
• Export licensing of strategic materials
• Export-control end-use and end-user verification technology
• Export-control licensing regime
• Export-credit suspension
• Export-Import Bank of China
• Export-Import Bank of the United States
• Expropriation and nationalisation as economic weapon
• Extraterritorial jurisdiction and effects-based regulation
• Extraterritoriality
• Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography
• Facial recognition and integrated surveillance exports
• Fait accompli (economic)
• FATCA (2010)
• FATF grey and black listing
• FATF monitoring of Lebanon and Banque du Liban Basic Circular 170 (2024-present)
• FATF Recommendations (1990, revised)
• FATF-style regional bodies (MONEYVAL, APG and peers)
• FCDO Sanctions Directorate
• Federal Law 127-FZ on counter-sanctions (Russia, 2018)
• Federal Reserve Bank of New York
• Federal Reserve System
• Fedwire
• FEND Off Fentanyl Act and FinCEN Section 9714 measures (2024)
• Fertiliser and agricultural-input denial
• Fibre-optic landing stations and internet exchange points
• Fidel Castro
• Finance as a domain of warfare (the sixth domain thesis)
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
• Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN)
• Financial embargo and loan-market closure
• Financial exclusion
• Financial information battlespace
• Financial intelligence (FININT)
• Financial intelligence (FININT) analytical platforms
• Financial Stability Board
• Financial system as national-security asset
• Financial warfare
• Financial warfare command (dedicated capability)
• Financial-market contagion and statecraft spillovers
• Financialisation of conflict
• FINTRAC
• FIRRMA (2018)
• First Opium War and the coerced opening of Qing China (1839-1842)
• First War Powers Act (United States, 1941)
• Five Eyes intelligence partnership
• Flag and registry pressure
• Flash-crash and liquidity-shock exploitation
• Food weaponisation (food security as leverage)
• Food-export restriction as leverage
• Forced alignment
• Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act (Australia, 1975)
• Foreign aid conditionality
• Foreign Assets Control Regulations (US, 1950)
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977)
• Foreign Direct Product Rule
• Foreign Economic Administration (United States, 1943-1945)
• Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Japan, 1949, amended 2019)
• Foreign Extraterritorial Measures Act (Canada, 1985)
• Foreign Funds Control (US Treasury)
• Foreign Investment and National Security Act (2007)
• Foreign Investment Review Board (Australia)
• Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (1999)
• Foreign Relations Law (China, 2023)
• Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (United States, 1976)
• Foreign Trade Bank of the DPRK
• Foreign-availability and de-control assessment
• Foreign-exchange settlement and CLS infrastructure
• Foreign-ownership limits in strategic sectors
• Foreign-reserve confiscation and seizure
• Fortress Russia (sanctions insulation doctrine)
• Fragmentation (geoeconomic)
• France
• Franco-Prussian indemnity (1871-1873)
• Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Fraud as statecraft
• Freezing controls on enemy dollar assets
• French dollar-to-gold conversions and the Bretton Woods challenge (1965-1968)
• French recognition indemnity imposed on Haiti (1825-1947)
• Friedrich List
• Friend-shoring and de-risking
• From physical to financialised warfare
• Front companies and shell-network layering
• Frozen-asset repurposing and interest transfer
• Fujian Jinhua
• Fund for the Afghan People
• Fused intelligence
• FX shorting and speculative attack
• G7 oil price cap and EU embargo on Russian oil (2022-present)
• Gallium and germanium production, refining and export controls
• Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Garantex disruption, Grinex succession and A7A5 (2025-present)
• Gary Hufbauer, Jeffrey Schott and Kimberly Elliott
• Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF)
• Gas-transit and pipeline coercion
• GATT Article XXI security exceptions (1947-present)
• Gazprom
• Gazprombank
• General Administration of Customs of China
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• General License X and Iranian oil sanctions relief (2026)
• Geo-economics (geoeconomic manoeuvre)
• Geoeconomic coercion of corporate networks
• George C. Marshall
• German exchange control and clearing system (New Plan, 1934)
• German passive resistance in the Ruhr and hyperinflation (1923)
• German reparations and the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr (1919-1925)
• German unrestricted submarine campaign against Allied commerce (1915-1918)
• Germany
• Ghost-bank and parallel-institution creation
• Gina Raimondo
• Glencore
• Global blockade system (Age of Sail)
• Global Magnitsky Act and EO 13818 (2016, 2017)
• Global navigation alternatives (BeiDou, GLONASS, Galileo)
• Global Positioning System (GPS) and GNSS
• Gold custody, vaulting and bullion logistics
• Gold refining and assay technology (LBMA good-delivery)
• Gold-flow and bullion denial
• Gold-smuggling and bullion-laundering channel
• Golden shares and special state control rights
• Grain and food-supply manipulation
• Grain storage, refrigeration, and food logistics
• Grain-handling and agricultural export technology (1980 Soviet grain embargo)
• Graphite processing, anode materials and export controls
• Great Firewall and national internet-filtering technology
• Green-transition and critical-supply leverage
• Grey-zone competition
• Group of Seven (G7)
• Group of Twenty (G20)
• Gunvor
• Haber-Bosch synthetic nitrogen fixation
• Hague Conventions (1907)
• Hamas
• Hambantota port financing and 99-year lease (2007-2017)
• Harpoon (Israeli economic warfare unit)
• Harry Dexter White
• Hassan Nasrallah
• Hawala and informal value transfer
• Hawala and other informal value transfer systems
• Hawala-cryptocurrency hybrid
• Helms-Burton Act (1996)
• Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman
• Henry Kissinger
• Henry Morgenthau Jr.
• Herbert Hoover
• Hermann Göring
• Hezbollah
• Hezbollah financial adaptation after the 2024 conflict (2024-present)
• Hickenlooper Amendment (US, 1962)
• High-bandwidth memory (HBM)
• High-performance computing for financial modelling and wargaming
• Hikvision
• Hjalmar Schacht
• HM Treasury
• Hong Kong
• Hong Kong Autonomy Act (2020)
• Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act (2019)
• Hong Kong market counter-intervention against the double play (1998)
• Hong Kong Monetary Authority
• HSBC and Standard Chartered United States enforcement actions (2012)
• Huawei
• Hub-and-spoke network topology
• Hugh Dalton
• Huione Group
• Humanitarian cost of sanctions
• Humanitarian exemptions and general licences
• Humanitarian-impact assessment (targeting instrument)
• Hybrid warfare
• Hyperscale cloud infrastructure
• I.G. Farben
• ICJ Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty (Iran v US, 2018)
• ICJ Certain Iranian Assets (2023)
• ICJ Nicaragua v United States (1986)
• IEEPA tariff authority under Learning Resources (2025 to 2026)
• Igor Sechin
• IMF programme conditionality and geopolitical influence
• IMF structural adjustment conditionality (1980s-1990s)
• Imperialist anatomy of sanctions (critique)
• Import ban
• Import, Export and Customs Powers (Defence) Act 1939
• Index and benchmark exclusion
• Index providers and benchmark exclusion
• India
• India SCOMET export control framework
• India's decision to hold the Indus Waters Treaty in abeyance (2025-present)
• India-Nepal transit restrictions and disputed blockade episodes (1989-1990; 2015-2016)
• India-Pakistan bilateral trade restrictions (2019-present)
• Indian blocking orders against Chinese mobile applications (2020-2021)
• Indigenisation (import substitution under pressure)
• Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity
• Indonesia nickel export ban and downstreaming (2014-2020)
• Inductive derivation and out-of-sample testing
• Insider and privileged-information exploitation
• INSTEX
• Insurance and reinsurance withdrawal
• Integrated deterrence (United States, 2022)
• Intended versus unintended effects
• Interagency synchronisation
• Interbank-lending and liquidity denial
• International Court of Justice
• International Emergency Economic Powers Act (1977)
• International Energy Agency
• International Financial Commission for Greece
• International financial support for Mexico, 1995-1997
• International Group of P&I Clubs
• International Maritime Organization
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Tin Council
• International Working Group on Russian Sanctions (Yermak-McFaul Group)
• Investment Security Unit (United Kingdom)
• Ion implantation, deposition, and etch equipment
• Iran
• Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act (2012)
• Iran Sanctions Act (1996)
• Iran Threat Reduction and Syria Human Rights Act (2012)
• Iran-linked cryptocurrency use under sanctions (2023-present)
• Iran-United States Claims Tribunal
• Iranian gas-for-gold scheme and the Halkbank prosecution (2012-2026)
• Iranian oil nationalisation and British oil embargo (1951-1953)
• Iranian rial depreciation during the 2012 sanctions escalation
• Iranian sanctions-evasion networks (2012-present)
• Iraq
• Iraqi destruction of Kuwait's oil infrastructure, 1991
• IRISL
• Irregular warfare (economic dimension)
• Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
• Islamic State
• Israel
• Israeli Ministry of Defence terrorist-financing designations
• Israeli strikes and financial restrictions against Al-Qard Al-Hassan (2024-present)
• Issuer-controlled dollar stablecoins (USDT and USDC)
• ITT Corporation
• Ivan (Jan) Bloch
• J.P. Morgan & Co.
• Jackson-Vanik Amendment (US, 1974)
• Jacob Schiff and Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
• Jake Sullivan
• Jammal Trust Bank
• Janet Yellen
• Japan
• Japan Bank for International Cooperation
• Japan's rare earth diversification as counter-coercion (2010-2026)
• Japan-South Korea export-control dispute (2019-2023)
• JCPOA sanctions relief and snapback (2015-2018)
• Jean Monnet
• Jefferson's Embargo Act (1807-1809)
• Jimmy Carter
• Johan Galtung
• John Maynard Keynes
• Johnson Act (US, 1934)
• Joint War Committee and Listed Areas
• Joseph Stalin
• Juan C. Zarate
• Jurisdiction as leverage
• Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) (2016)
• Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Canada, 2017)
• Kadi v Council and Commission (ECJ, 2008)
• Kaspersky Lab
• Kazakhstan
• Kevin Wolf
• Khatam al-Anbiya
• Kill-chain compression
• Kim Jong-un
• Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
• King Faisal of Saudi Arabia
• Kirill Dmitriev
• Knowledge distillation and model extraction in AI
• Kommerzielle Koordinierung (KoKo)
• KSE Institute
• Kuwait and Oman
• Kuwait Investment Authority
• KYC and digital identity verification systems
• Lachin corridor closure and blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh (2022-2023)
• Lancashire cotton famine during the American Civil War (1861-1865)
• Large language models for influence and market manipulation
• Launch capacity and space-access infrastructure
• Lawfare (legal warfare)
• Lazarus Group
• League of Nations
• League of Nations Article 16 threats in the Albanian border crisis (1921) and Greek-Bulgarian incident (1925)
• League of Nations sanctions against Italy over Ethiopia (1935-1936)
• Lebanon
• Legacy and mature-node chips
• Legality of unilateral economic sanctions
• Lend-Lease (1941-1945)
• Libya (Gaddafi era)
• Libya sanctions, freeze and unfreezing (1986-2011)
• Lin Zexu
• Liquefied natural gas technology and terminals
• Liquidity crisis induction
• Lithium, cobalt and nickel refining and downstreaming
• Lithuania
• Liu He
• Lloyd's market
• London Bullion Market Association and Good Delivery
• London Club process
• London Metal Exchange
• Lord Robert Cecil
• Lynas Rare Earths
• Machine tools and precision manufacturing (Toshiba-Kongsberg affair)
• Macon's Bill No. 2 (US, 1810)
• Made in China 2025 industrial policy (2015-2025)
• Magnitsky case and the expansion of targeted human-rights sanctions (2009-present)
• Mahathir Mohamad
• Mainframe and supercomputer export controls
• Malaysia's capital controls and exchange-rate defence, 1998-1999
• Malign finance
• Mapping (EKC Phase 2)
• Margaret Doxey
• Marine insurance and shipping disruption in the Strait of Hormuz (2026-present)
• Maritime and AIS tracking exploitation
• Maritime chokepoint (Strait of Hormuz logic)
• Maritime chokepoint interdiction
• Maritime insurance denial (P&I withdrawal)
• Mariya Grinberg
• Market psychology operations
• Market-access coercion
• Market-based warfare
• Markets as the new frontline
• Marshall Plan and counterpart-fund leverage (1948-1952)
• Matthew Levitt
• mBridge
• Meir Dagan
• Meng Wanzhou proceedings and Chinese detention of Michael Kovrig and Michael Spavor (2018-2021)
• Mercantilism and the contested category of neomercantilism
• Metrology and inspection equipment
• Mexico blocking statute (1996)
• Michael Mastanduno
• Micron
• Middle East and Africa Bank (MEAB)
• Mikhail Fridman and Petr Aven
• Milan Decree (1807)
• Military End User and MEU List rules (2020)
• Military-Civil Fusion (Civil-Military Fusion)
• Minerals Security Partnership
• Ministry of Blockade (United Kingdom, 1916-1919)
• Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM)
• Ministry of Economic Warfare (United Kingdom, 1939-1945)
• Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Japan)
• Ministry of Finance (Japan)
• Ministry of Foreign Trade (USSR)
• Missile Technology Control Regime
• Mitsui and Mitsubishi zaibatsu
• Mobile money and telecom-based transfer systems
• Modern Fabian strategy
• MOFCOM Blocking Rules (Order No. 1 of 2021)
• Mohammad Mosaddegh
• Moisés Naím
• Monetary Authority of Singapore
• Montagu Norman
• Moscow Exchange
• Moscow Narodny Bank and Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord (BCEN-Eurobank)
• Most-favoured-nation withdrawal
• Muhammad Jafar Qasir
• Multi-domain economic-warfare package
• Multi-domain sequencing
• Multilateral chip-control coalition
• Multilateral Sanctions Monitoring Team
• Multinational disruption of Hydra Market (2022)
• Multinational disruption of Liberty Reserve (2013)
• Multipolarity and economic warfare
• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Napoleon's Continental System (1806-1814)
• Narrative shaping (financial)
• National Bureau for Counter-Terror Financing of Israel
• National Crime Agency (United Kingdom)
• National Defence Mobilisation Law (China, 2010)
• National Development and Reform Commission
• National Economic Crime Centre and JMLIT
• National Emergencies Act (1976)
• National Iranian Oil Company
• National Iranian Tanker Company
• Naulilaa arbitration (1928)
• Naval blockade
• Naval Prize Act 1864
• Navicert system (1939)
• Nazi exploitation of occupied European economies (1939-1945)
• NDAA FY2012 Section 1245 (2011)
• Netherlands
• Netherlands Overseas Trust Company
• Network centrality advantage
• Network reconstitution (parallel rails)
• Network-topology construction
• Neural processing units and edge-AI silicon
• Neutral rights and duties in maritime war (1856-1909)
• Never waste a crisis (opportunistic manipulation)
• New Development Bank (BRICS)
• New Generation Warfare (NGW)
• Newport Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare (2023)
• Nicholas Mulder
• Nicolás Maduro
• Nigeria's land-border closure (2019-2020)
• Nitrate and guano extraction and shipping (19th century)
• Nitrate control and fiscal effects of the War of the Pacific (1879-1884)
• NML Capital v Argentina, 2001-2016
• Non-fungible tokens and tokenised real-world assets
• Non-Intercourse Act (US, 1809)
• Non-intervention principle and economic coercion
• Non-tariff barrier as coercion
• Non-War Military Activities (NWMA)
• Nord Stream pipeline sabotage, 2022
• Norges Bank Investment Management (GPFG)
• Norman Angell
• Normative constraints on economic warfare
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• North Korea
• North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act (2016)
• North Korean cryptocurrency theft campaign (2017-present)
• North Korean overseas IT worker networks
• North Korean remote IT-worker revenue schemes (2022-present)
• Norway
• Nostro pre-funding and third-country clearing arrangements
• NotPetya, 2017
• NSPK and the Mir card system
• Nuclear fuel-cycle, enrichment and supplier controls
• Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act (US, 1978)
• Nuclear reactor exports and lifecycle dependence
• Nuclear Suppliers Group
• Nurtured AI (conscious advantage)
• NVIDIA
• OAPEC
• OAPEC embargo resolutions (1973)
• OAS and United Nations sanctions against Haiti (1991-1994)
• OAS sanctions against the Dominican Republic (1960-1962)
• OFAC 50 Percent Rule
• OFAC digital asset sanctions practice (2018 to present)
• OFAC general licences
• OFAC Reporting, Procedures and Penalties Regulations (31 CFR Part 501)
• OFAC wallet identifier updates and Tether freezes involving Central Bank of Iran-linked USDT (2026)
• OFAC-style targeted sanctions
• Offensive cyber tools against financial infrastructure
• Office 39
• Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI)
• Office of Foreign Assets Control (United States)
• Office of Terrorism and Financial Intelligence (TFI)
• Office of Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes (United States Treasury)
• Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (United States)
• Office of the United States Trade Representative
• Office of Trade Sanctions Implementation (OTSI)
• Oil embargo
• Oil embargo and petroleum-denial infrastructure (Japan 1941)
• Oil price cap
• Oil refining capacity and refinery targeting
• Oil-for-Food Programme (1995-2003)
• Oleg Deripaska
• Oligarch-network mapping and seizure
• Open registries and flag-state jurisdiction
• Open-source financial intelligence
• Open-source intelligence platforms for economic-security investigation
• Operation Bernhard counterfeit-sterling programme (1942-1945)
• Operation Mongoose economic sabotage against Cuba (1961-1963)
• Operation Safehaven (1944-1948)
• Opium War logic (coercion through trade)
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
• Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
• Organised to fail
• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
• Otto von Bismarck
• Ottoman Public Debt Administration
• Outbound investment screening
• Over-compliance (de-risking)
• Pacific blockade
• Pacific blockade doctrine (19th century)
• Packaging and advanced packaging (CoWoS)
• Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS)
• Panama
• Panama-Paradise-Pandora leak exploitation
• Pandemic export restrictions on medical goods and vaccines (2020-2021)
• Panic induction (engineered contagion)
• Panopticon effect
• Parallel logistics rails
• Paris Club
• Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law (1856)
• Payment-network weaponisation (card schemes)
• PBOC Digital Currency Institute
• PDVSA
• Pension and sovereign-fund divestment mandate
• People's Bank of China
• Perception management
• Permanent magnet manufacturing (NdFeB)
• Persistent competition and the competition continuum
• Peter Andreas
• Peter Navarro
• Petro (Venezuela)
• Petrodollar recycling and US-Saudi financial arrangements (1974)
• Petroyuan
• Photomask and reticle technology
• Photoresist and specialty chemicals
• Physical denial and embargo (antiquity model)
• Pipeline and large-diameter pipe technology (Soviet gas pipeline embargo)
• PLA encirclement exercises and Taiwan blockade scenarios (2022-2025)
• Port terminal operating systems and foreign operator control
• Port-state control as economic weapon
• Positioning (EKC Phase 3)
• Positioning and pre-staging of authorities
• Positive economic statecraft (inducement)
• Post-11 September counter-terrorist-financing architecture (2001-2010)
• Post-sanctions economic recovery
• Postal, courier and express-logistics networks
• Practitioner-oriented positionality
• Precision-guided financial weapons
• Preclusive buying programmes (WWII)
• Preclusive purchasing
• Prediction markets as intelligence
• Preemptive commodity cornering
• Preferential market access as statecraft
• Preferential procurement and offset agreements
• Preferential-tariff suspension (GSP withdrawal)
• Prepaid cards and stored-value instruments
• Presidential Decree 560 (Russia, 2014)
• Pressler Amendment (US, 1985)
• Pressure, court action and transfer of CK Hutchison's Panama ports concessions (2025-present)
• Price Cap Coalition
• Price reporting agencies and commodity benchmarks
• Prince Group
• Privacy coins (Monero, Zcash)
• Private capital mobilisation
• Prize law and prize courts
• Process-tracing of causal mechanisms
• Proclaimed List of Certain Blocked Nationals (US, 1941)
• Proclamation 3447 (US, 1962)
• Procurement ban on adversary technology
• Producer-state production coordination
• Proliferation financing
• Proliferation Security Initiative
• Proliferation-financing sanctions
• Promsvyazbank
• Proportionality (economic measures)
• Proportionality and due process in targeted sanctions
• Prospective space-based solar-power infrastructure
• Protecting Europe's Energy Security Act (2019)
• Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980
• Proxy economic warfare
• Public Investment Fund (Saudi Arabia)
• Public-private coordination (aligning incentives)
• Qasem Soleimani
• Qatar
• Qatar Central Bank
• Qatar diplomatic and economic embargo (2017-2021)
• Qatar Investment Authority
• Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui
• Qing opium prohibition edicts (1839)
• Quad partnership
• Quantum computing and post-quantum cryptography
• Quantum sensing and timing
• Quds Force
• Quota and quantitative restriction
• Radar and electronic-warfare origins
• Radio and wireless broadcasting (early 20th century)
• Railways and strategic rail logistics
• Rambouillet Decree (1810)
• Ransomware and crypto-extortion toolkits
• Ransomware and extortion as state-tolerated finance
• Rapid-shock targeting
• Rare-earth and critical-mineral export restriction
• Rare-earth separation and refining technology
• Re-export and transshipment controls
• Real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems
• Reconnaissance (EKC Phase 1)
• Reconstruction and stabilisation finance
• Red-teaming one's own framework
• Reflexive control
• Reflexive control in financial markets
• Regulatory harassment of foreign firms
• Regulatory shadow extension
• Reichsbank (Germany, 1876-1945)
• Remittance channel restriction
• Ren Zhengfei
• Renaissance of economic warfare
• Renminbi internationalisation
• Reparations Commission
• REPO for Ukrainians Act (2024)
• REPO Task Force
• Reported Chinese rare earth shipment interruption to Japan (2010)
• Reprisals Orders in Council (UK, 1915 and 1917)
• Reserve Bank of India
• Reserve diversification (gold accumulation)
• Reserve-currency denial
• Resistance economy (Iran)
• Retorsion
• Retrospective validation
• Reza Zarrab
• Rhodesia
• Richard Nixon
• Right of angary
• RISC-V and open-instruction-set architectures
• Rise and fall of economic statecraft
• Robert Lighthizer
• Robert Pape
• Robust and dispersed manufacturing (precursor to statecraft)
• Roger W. Robinson
• Roman Abramovich
• Rome Statute Article 8(2)(b)(xxv) (1998)
• Ronald Reagan
• Rosneft
• Rothschild banking houses
• Rouble gas payment decree (Russia, March 2022)
• Rubber plantation and natural-rubber logistics (WWII Pacific)
• Rules-based versus ad hoc coercion
• Russia
• Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) Regulations (UK, 2019)
• Russia's gas-for-roubles mechanism and pipeline supply reductions to Europe (2022)
• Russia's rouble defence and capital controls (2022)
• Russia-Ukraine gas supply and transit disputes (2006 and 2009)
• Russian blockade of Ukrainian grain exports and the Black Sea Grain Initiative (2022-2023)
• Russian capital control decrees (2022)
• Russian Direct Investment Fund
• Russian economic restrictions against Turkey after the Su-24 shootdown (2015-2016)
• Russian financial crisis and domestic debt default, 1998
• Russian food-import countermeasures and import substitution (2014-present)
• Russian grain and fertiliser statecraft during the war against Ukraine (2022-present)
• Russian National Wealth Fund
• Russian oil-trade shadow fleet under post-2022 price-cap controls (2022-present)
• Russian oligarchs
• Russian procurement and trade rerouting through Eurasian hubs under post-2022 controls (2022-present)
• Russian reserve diversification and payments adaptation (2014-2022)
• Russian sanitary restrictions on Georgian and Moldovan wine and produce (2006-2013)
• Russian trade pressure on Ukraine before the EU Association Agreement (2013)
• Saddam Hussein
• Salvador Allende
• Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix
• San Remo Manual (1994)
• Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act (UK, 2018)
• Sanctions as signalling
• Sanctions design and calibration
• Sanctions effectiveness debate
• Sanctions evasion as system design
• Sanctions fatigue (diminishing marginal returns)
• Sanctions following Russia's annexation of Crimea and intervention in eastern Ukraine (2014-2022)
• Sanctions following the Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests (1998-2001)
• Sanctions leakage
• Sanctions list and watchlist screening technology
• Sanctions overreach
• Sanctions safe haven
• Sanctions selection bias
• Sanctions-busting
• Sanctions-compliance and RegTech automation
• Sanctions-evasion procurement network
• Sanctions-list saturation
• SASAC
• Satellite communications ground stations and gateways
• Satellite constellations and Starlink-class LEO networks
• Saudi Arabia
• Saudi Aramco
• Saudi Central Bank (SAMA)
• Saudi economic measures against Canada (2018-2023)
• Saudi oil production increase and price decline (1985-1986)
• Saudi-Russian oil production and price confrontation (2020)
• Sberbank
• Schachtian bilateral clearing and the Reichsmark bloc (1934-1939)
• SECO
• Secondary boycott
• Secondary sanctions
• Section 232, Trade Expansion Act (1962)
• Section 301, Trade Act (1974)
• Sectoral sanctions
• Sectoral Sanctions Identifications (SSI) List
• Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act (2019)
• Secure-enclave and confidential-computing technology
• Security of Critical Infrastructure Act (Australia, 2018)
• Self-undermining arsenal
• Semiconductor and lithography equipment denial
• Semiconductor and technology reshoring (fabs, CHIPS-Act-class capacity)
• Semiconductor chokepoint
• Semiconductor foundry capacity (TSMC, Samsung, GlobalFoundries)
• Semiconductor testing, assembly, and OSAT capacity
• Semiconductor-grade materials denial (neon, gallium, germanium)
• Semiconductor-grade rare gases (neon) and process gases
• Sentiment analysis and market-psychology tooling
• Sergei Glazyev
• Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act (2012)
• Server and networking hardware (InfiniBand, high-speed interconnect)
• Shadow fleet
• Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
• Shanghai International Energy Exchange
• Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani
• Shimonoseki indemnity and its financing (1895)
• Ship registries and flags of convenience
• Ship warrant scheme (1941)
• Ship-to-ship transfer techniques
• Shipbuilding and dry-dock capacity
• Short-selling attack on strategic firms
• Sierra Leone diamond sanctions and the Kimberley Process (2000-2003)
• Sigal Mandelker
• Signalling versus material effect
• Signals intelligence and cryptanalysis in economic warfare (ULTRA and MAGIC)
• Silent-siege attrition strategy
• Silicon shield
• Silicon wafer and polysilicon production
• Silk Road Fund
• Silver Purchase Act (US, 1934)
• Sinaloa and CJNG-linked precursor and finance networks
• Singapore
• Sino-Soviet split and Soviet aid withdrawal (1960-1962)
• SIOP for economic conflict
• Slobodan Milošević
• Smart (targeted) sanctions
• SMIC
• Smoot-Hawley tariff escalation and international retaliation (1930-1934)
• Snapback
• Social-media-driven financial destabilisation
• Societe Suisse de Surveillance Economique
• Software and cloud-service denial
• Solar photovoltaic manufacturing and polysilicon supply
• South Africa (apartheid era)
• South Korea
• South Manchuria Railway Company
• Southeast Asian scam-centre networks
• Southern Rhodesia Act (UK, 1965)
• Sovcomflot
• Sovereign bond market and clearing infrastructure
• Sovereign debt weaponisation
• Sovereign external-liquidity crisis
• Sovereign immunity of central bank assets
• Sovereign-bond attack
• Sovereign-CDS-spread manipulation
• Sovereign-credit-rating pressure
• Sovereign-wealth-fund deployment
• Soviet blockade of West Berlin and Western counter-blockade (1948-1949)
• Soviet grain purchases in the United States (1972)
• Soviet-bloc economic coercion against Yugoslavia (1948-1955)
• Space and satellite-service denial
• Special drawing rights and the IMF SDR system
• Special Economic Measures Act (Canada, 1992)
• Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List
• SPFS
• Standards and patent-pool exclusion
• State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE)
• State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom
• State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank)
• State Department Office of Sanctions Coordination
• State quantum-key-distribution and secure-communications networks
• State-directed cryptocurrency theft
• State-directed investment and FDI inducement
• State-owned enterprises as statecraft instruments
• Statutory blacklist (trading-with-the-enemy list)
• Statutory blockade rationing
• Statutory List under the Trading with the Enemy (Extension of Powers) Act 1915
• Steam navigation and the coaling-station network
• Stephen Miran
• Strategic bombing and precision industrial targeting
• Strategic bombing of economic capacity
• Strategic corporate acquisition
• Strategic economic autonomy
• Strategic materials substitution, synthesis and recycling
• Strategic node (critical hub)
• Strategic resilience versus tactical success
• Strategic standard-setting and protocol governance
• Strategic stockpiling
• Strategic surprise (financial)
• Strategic-bombing of economic targets
• Structural degradation targeting
• Stuart Levey
• Submarine communications cables
• SUCRE and ALBA payment mechanisms
• Suez Canal Company
• Supply-chain cyber compromise (hardware and firmware implants)
• Supply-chain intelligence and data control
• Supply-chain resilience
• Supreme Economic Council (1919)
• Susan Strange
• Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) and STR systems
• Suspicious Activity Report exploitation
• SWIFT
• SWIFT and interbank network intrusion techniques
• SWIFT disconnection
• SWIFT disconnection of EU-designated Iranian banks (2012)
• SWIFT sanctions-screening and filtering technology
• Swing-producer price warfare
• Switzerland
• Symington and Glenn Amendments (US, 1976 and 1977)
• Synthetic identity, deepfake and generative-fraud technology
• Synthetic rubber (Buna) and coal-derived synthetic fuel
• Syria sanctions, the Caesar Act and United States relief (2011-present)
• Systemic blowback
• Taiwan
• Taiwan blockade scenario (economic dimension)
• Talent and knowledge-transfer restriction
• Taliban
• Tamara Makarenko
• TARGET2
• Targeted sanctions against Myanmar's military authorities after the coup (2021-present)
• Targeting model
• Tariff as coercive instrument
• Task Force KleptoCapture
• Team Telecom
• Technology containment (Cold War model)
• Technology containment targeting
• Technology denial
• Technology-embargo bundle
• Telecommunications network equipment and semiconductor supply dependence
• Tempo as operational principle
• Temporary external administration decree (Russia, 2023)
• Terrorism Risk Insurance Act Section 201 (2002)
• Terrorist Asset-Freezing etc. Act (UK, 2010)
• Terrorist-financing designation (SDGT)
• Tether
• The 2008 financial crisis as an economic-warfare hypothesis
• The economic bomb
• The economic weapon (interwar sanctions doctrine)
• The electric telegraph and cable networks (19th century)
• The escalation ladder from engagement to warfare
• The financial warfare revolution (post-9/11)
• The Five Ds (Deny, Disrupt, Degrade, Delay, Drain)
• The naval mine and contraband-control technology
• The Prize Cases (United States Supreme Court, 1863)
• The Zamora (Privy Council, 1916)
• Third-country intermediary routing
• Third-country intermediation
• Third-party countermeasures
• Thomas Jefferson
• Thomas Schelling
• Three warfares
• Tokenised deposits and distributed-ledger settlement
• Tool selection and sequencing
• Toshiba-Kongsberg export-control affair (1982-1988)
• Total economic mobilisation
• Tourism flow restriction
• TRACFIN
• Trade and customs data analytics systems
• Trade denial (denial of production inputs)
• Trade destination restriction
• Trade sanctions
• Trade-agreement suspension or abrogation
• Trade-based money laundering
• Trade-data and customs-manifest analysis
• Trade-finance denial
• Trading with the Enemy Act (UK, 1914)
• Trading with the Enemy Act (UK, 1939)
• Trading with the Enemy Act (United States, 1917)
• Trading with the Enemy Branch (United Kingdom)
• Transaction monitoring and anomaly-detection systems
• Transnational boycott of Danish goods during the cartoons crisis (2006)
• Treasury Office of Intelligence and Analysis
• Treasury Office of Investment Security
• Treasury's War (financial statecraft fusion)
• Trianon and Fontainebleau Decrees (1810)
• Troika conditionality and Greece (2010-2015)
• TSMC
• Tungsten, wolfram, and neutral-state ore trade (WWII)
• Turkey
• Turkey's land-border closure with Armenia and partial normalisation (1993-present)
• Türkiye Halk Bankası A.Ş. (Halkbank)
• Ukraine
• Ukraine power grid attacks (2015-2016)
• Ukraine's wartime monetary and financial defence (2022-2023)
• UN 1267 (ISIL and Al-Qaida) Sanctions Committee
• UN 1267 Ombudsperson (2009)
• UN 1718 Committee and DPRK Panel of Experts
• UN Compensation Commission
• UN Special Committee against Apartheid
• UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
• Underground financial system
• Undersea cable cutting and sabotage capability
• Undersea-cable and data-routing control
• Unfriendly states list (Russia, 2022)
• Union blockade of the Confederacy (1861-1865)
• Union blockade proclamations (US, 1861)
• UnionPay
• Unit 4400
• United Arab Emirates
• United Kingdom
• United Kingdom financial measures against Argentina during the Falklands War (1982)
• United Nations and allied sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2001)
• United Nations Charter Article 41 (1945)
• United Nations comprehensive sanctions on Iraq (1990-2003)
• United Nations debate on unilateral coercive measures
• United Nations sanctions against Southern Rhodesia and the Beira Patrol (1965-1979)
• United Nations sanctions on Eritrea (2009-2018)
• United Nations sanctions on UNITA's diamond finance in Angola (1993-2002)
• United Nations sanctions regime against North Korea (2006-present)
• United Nations Security Council
• United States
• United States advanced-computing and semiconductor controls on China (2022-present)
• United States aerial mining campaign against Japanese shipping (1945)
• United States AI diffusion rule, non-enforcement and destination-specific controls (2025-present)
• United States and allied embargo controls against the People's Republic of China (1950-1971)
• United States blocking sanctions on Rosneft and Lukoil (2025-present)
• United States Board of Economic Warfare (1941-1943)
• United States coordinated resolutions with Binance (2023-present)
• United States debt-limit brinkmanship and the 2011 sovereign downgrade
• United States denial order and settlements with ZTE (2016-2018)
• United States Department of Justice National Security Division
• United States Department of the Treasury
• United States designation and delisting of Tornado Cash (2022-2025)
• United States economic pressure against the Soviet Union under Reagan (1981-1989)
• United States economic pressure and covert action against Allende's Chile (1970-1973)
• United States embargo against Cuba (1960-present)
• United States Entity List and foreign direct product rule campaign against Huawei (2019-present)
• United States Entity List controls on SMIC (2020-present)
• United States export controls, asset freeze and de facto oil embargo against Japan (1940-1941)
• United States extraterritorial controls in the Siberian gas pipeline dispute (1981-1982)
• United States financial pressure on Britain during the Suez Crisis (1956)
• United States financial pressure on Panama under Manuel Noriega (1988-1989)
• United States forced-divestiture policy towards TikTok (2020-present)
• United States freeze of Iranian government assets during the hostage crisis (1979-1981)
• United States freeze of People's Republic of China assets (1950-1979)
• United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union (1980-1981)
• United States IEEPA tariff programme and judicial invalidation (2025-2026)
• United States maximum-pressure campaigns against Venezuela and Cuba (2019-present)
• United States maximum-pressure sanctions campaign against Iran (2018-2021)
• United States National Security Council international economics staff
• United States naval quarantine of Cuba (1962)
• United States Neutrality Acts (1935-1939)
• United States Russia sanctions and the Rusal-Deripaska action (2014-2019)
• United States sanctions against Venezuela and PDVSA (2017-present)
• United States sanctions and tariffs in the Brunson dispute with Turkey (2018)
• United States sanctions concerning Nord Stream 2 (2017-2022)
• United States sanctions on Poland after martial law (1981-1987)
• United States sanctions on Sudan and staged relief (1997-2020)
• United States Section 232 steel and aluminium tariffs (2018-present)
• United States Section 311 action against Lebanese Canadian Bank (2011-2015)
• United States Securities and Exchange Commission
• United States Siberian pipeline export controls (1981-1982)
• United States soybean export controls (1973)
• United States Strategic Bombing Survey
• United States suspension of dollar convertibility and import surcharge (1971)
• United States Terrorist Finance Tracking Program and its disclosure (2001-2006)
• United States trade and financial embargo against Vietnam (1975-1994)
• United States trade embargo against Nicaragua (1985-1990)
• United States unrestricted submarine campaign against Japanese shipping (1941-1945)
• United States, European Union and United Kingdom measures concerning Zimbabwe (2001-present)
• United States-China tariff conflict and Phase One agreement (2018-2020)
• United States-Japan semiconductor dispute and coordinated currency realignment (1985-1991)
• United States-led financial pressure campaign against Iran (2006-2015)
• Unreliable Entity List (China, 2020)
• Unrestricted warfare
• UNSCR 1173 (1998)
• UNSCR 1267 (1999)
• UNSCR 1373 (2001)
• UNSCR 1540 (2004)
• UNSCR 1718 and the North Korea sanctions series (2006 to 2017)
• UNSCR 1737 (2006)
• UNSCR 1929 (2010)
• UNSCR 1970 (2011)
• UNSCR 2231 (2015)
• UNSCR 232 (1966)
• UNSCR 2417 (2018)
• UNSCR 2664 (2022)
• UNSCR 418 (1977)
• UNSCR 661 (1990)
• UNSCR 687 (1991)
• UNSCR 748 (1992)
• UNSCR 757 (1992)
• UNSCR 841 (1993)
• UNSCR 864 (1993)
• UNSCR 986 and the Oil-for-Food Programme (1995)
• Unverified List
• Uranium and nuclear-fuel supply control
• US International Development Finance Corporation
• US secondary banking and oil sanctions against Iran under CISADA and NDAA (2010-2012)
• US-Japan-Netherlands semiconductor control coalition
• USA PATRIOT Act Section 311 (2001)
• USA PATRIOT Act Section 314
• USA PATRIOT Act Sections 317 and 319
• USA PATRIOT Act Title III (2001)
• Use of extraordinary revenues from immobilised Russian sovereign assets and G7 ERA loans (2024-present)
• USMCA non-extension and annual review process (2026-present)
• Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (2021)
• Valery Gerasimov
• Van Loon v Department of the Treasury (Fifth Circuit, 2024)
• Venezuela under Nicolas Maduro
• Venezuela's Petro sovereign token (2017-2024)
• Venezuelan central-bank gold control litigation in the United Kingdom (2019-present)
• Versailles Treaty reparations articles (1919)
• Viktor Bout
• Visa and Mastercard payment networks
• Visa and travel-ban designation
• Visit and search doctrine
• Vladimir Putin
• Vnesheconombank (VEB.RF)
• VTB Bank
• Vulnerability assessment (target susceptibility)
• W. N. Medlicott
• Wagner Group
• Wally Adeyemo
• Walt W. Rostow
• Walther Rathenau
• WannaCry ransomware attack and attribution (2017-2018)
• War by the United States and Israel against Iran, including Operation Epic Fury (2026)
• War Raw Materials Department (Kriegsrohstoffabteilung)
• War Trade Board (United States, 1917-1919)
• War Trade Intelligence Department (UK)
• War-reparations and indemnity as economic pressure
• War-risk insurance manipulation
• Wartime energy economics
• Wassenaar Arrangement
• Water and hydrological coercion
• Weaponisation backlash
• Weaponised interdependence
• Weaponising quantitative finance
• Western credit and trade restrictions affecting the Soviet Union (1925-1934)
• Whole-of-government economic statecraft
• William J. Casey
• Wind-turbine and grid-scale renewables supply chains
• Winston Churchill
• Withdrawal of Western Aswan High Dam financing (1956)
• Wolfsberg Group
• Woodrow Wilson
• World Bank (IBRD and IDA)
• World Customs Organization
• World Trade Organization
• WTO China - Raw Materials and China - Rare Earths rulings (2012, 2014)
• WTO Russia - Traffic in Transit (2019)
• Xi Jinping
• Xiaomi challenge to United States military-company designation (2021)
• Yevgeny Prigozhin
• YMTC
• Yokohama Specie Bank
• Yuan-li Wu
• Yugoslavia and Serbia (1990s)
• Yukos tax enforcement, liquidation and asset transfer (2003-2007)
• Zangger Committee (1971)
• Zollverein
• ZTE